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	<title>FIX TRADE</title>
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		<title>Solder wave EWS 310</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1324</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1324#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 04 Feb 2010 10:10:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Solder Wave]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1324</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Economic wave soldering machine with finger conveyor for boards up to 11.8&#8243; (310mm).  Self-contained fluxing, preheating, and laminar (smooth) solder wave modules.  Optional turbulent (SMT passive) solder wave module available. Continuous width adjustment, handling boards up to 11.8&#8243; (310mm) Durable &#8220;L&#8221; finger board handling for efficient, pallet-less transport Streamline design for easy maintenance and cleaning [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Economic wave soldering machine with finger conveyor for boards up to 11.8&#8243; (310mm).  Self-contained fluxing, preheating, and laminar (smooth) solder wave modules.  Optional turbulent (SMT passive) solder wave module available.<img src="http://www.apsgold.com/userfiles/image/Wave-Solder-EWS-310-Web.gif" alt="" align="right" /></p>
<ul>
<li>Continuous width adjustment, handling boards<br />
up to 11.8&#8243; (310mm)</li>
<li>Durable &#8220;L&#8221; finger board handling for efficient, pallet-less transport</li>
<li>Streamline design for easy maintenance and cleaning</li>
<li>Welded steel frame for durablility and compact,<br />
space-saving footprint</li>
<li>On-board profiler</li>
<li>Lead or Lead-free compatible</li>
<li>Quick change between lead and lead-free operation with solder pot trolley system</li>
<li>Single or Double wave compatibility</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="http://www.apsgold.com/getaquote">Get A Quote</a>      <a onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/EWS-310-wave-soldering-machine.pdf');pageTracker._trackPageview('/pdfdownloads.pdf');" href="http://www.apsgold.com/library.download/50139CA8-112F-1523-E85D2F09FA8D162C">View Literature</a>      <a href="javascript:void(location.href='mailto:'+String.fromCharCode(115,97,108,101,115,64,97,112,115,103,111,108,100,46,99,111,109)+'?subject=Product%20manual%20request%20%2F%20web%20site%20contact&amp;body=Please%20provide%20me%20with%20the%20EWS-310%20Wave%20Soldering%20manual.')">Request Manual</a>      <a id="cartLink" onclick="pageTracker._trackEvent('CART', 'Load');" href="http://www.apsgold.com/wave-solder/low-to-medium-volume/ews-310-wave-soldering-machine#prodCart">Add To Product Inquiry Cart</a></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Wave Width:</td>
<td>11.8&#8243; (310mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Max Wave Height:</td>
<td>0 to 3/8&#8243; (0 to 10mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solder Pot Capacity:</td>
<td>200 lbs. (90kgs)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solder Pot Power:</td>
<td>3.6 kW</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Max Conveyor Speed:</td>
<td>98.4&#8243;/min (2.5m/min)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Foam Fluxer Tank:</td>
<td>0.8 gal. (3 liters)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Compressed Air:</td>
<td>max 30 psi on system with air knife</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Approx Warm-up Time:</td>
<td>60 minutes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Max Preheat 1 Temp:</td>
<td>302°F (150°C)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Preheat 1 Power:</td>
<td>4.8 kW</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Max Preheat 2 Temp:</td>
<td>392°F (200°C)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Preheat 2 Power:</td>
<td>2.0 kW</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Preheat 3 Power:</td>
<td>N/A</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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		<item>
		<title>Solderen legeren (Dutch)</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1297</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1297#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 19 Jan 2010 14:44:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[solderen legeren (DUTCH)]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1297</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[De verbinding wordt tot stand gebracht door de verbindende metaallegering te smelten en tussen de delen te laten vloeien d.m.v. verhitting met contact verhitting,  hete lucht of gas.  Bij het Loodhoudende en het loodvrije solderen is dit steeds een verbinding / legering tussen meerdere metalen. Waarom Loodvrij?? Lood is slecht voor het milieu en daarom beperkt toegelaten. Lood [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>De verbinding wordt tot stand gebracht door de verbindende metaallegering te smelten en tussen de delen te laten vloeien d.m.v. verhitting met contact verhitting,  hete lucht of gas.  Bij het Loodhoudende en het loodvrije solderen is dit steeds een verbinding / legering tussen meerdere metalen.</p>
<p><strong>Waarom Loodvrij??</strong><br />
Lood is slecht voor het milieu en daarom beperkt toegelaten. Lood komt in het milieu via vuilstortplaatsen, waar het in het grondwater terecht komt en vervolgens de voedselketen binnendringt. Gezondheidvragen zijn er rond de kankerverwekkende en giftige eigenschappen van lood. De overgang naar loodvrij solderen is bekrachtigd door wetgeving. In Europa betreft het de WEEE  (Waste from Electronic and Electrical Equipment).<br />
Deze wetgeving beperkt de mogelijkheden voor het deponeren van elektronisch (en daarmee dus lood) afval door recycling- en hergebruiktechnologieën. De RoHS directive (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) beperkt het gebruik van bepaalde materialen in vervaardigde producten, zoals metalen als lood, kwik, cadmium en chroom. Voor lood betekent dat minder dan 0,05-0,10 gewichtsprocenten aan lood (ISO 9453). Volgens WEEE en RoHS zal elektronische apparatuur vanaf 1 juli 2006 vrij moeten zijn van lood.</p>
<p>Door het verbannen van lood uit het soldeer, zijn alternatieven gevonden:</p>
<p>Smelttemperaturen van verschillende soldeerlegeringen:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">• Tin-Lood (SnPb) 183 ºC<br />
• Tin-Bismuth (SnBi) 138 ºC<br />
• Tin-Zilver-Koper (SnAgCu) 217 ºC<br />
• Tin-Zilver-Koper-Antimoon (SnAgCuSb) 217 ºC<br />
• Tin-Zilver (SnAg) 221 ºC<br />
• Tin Koper (SnCu) 227 ºC<br />
- Ook wel bekend zijn de SAC305,  SAC-X, SN100-C en varianten daarvan.  </p>
<p style="text-align: left;">In tegenstelling tot SnPb soldeer is de wetting (bevochtiging) van loodvrije soldeerlegeringen minder (wetting is het uitvloeien van de soldeer op het te solderen oppervlak). Hierdoor is er vaak meer actieve soldeerflux nodig.  Het zuurstofgehalte in de lucht van 20,9% maakt het soldeerproces zeer gevoelig voor oxidevorming daarom kan er beter met stikstof gewerkt worden.Voor het solderen onder optimale omstandigheden, met een minimale hoeveelheid aan flux, is het voor de huidige soldeerprocessen gebruikelijk om deze in een nagenoeg zuurstofvrije atmosfeer te laten plaatsvinden. Doordat bij hogere temperaturen de onderdelen gevoeliger zijn voor oxidatie, biedt het inert solderen (met stikstof) of in een dampfase <a href="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1178">(Vapor Phase) </a>een wezenlijke bijdrage aan het verbeteren van de soldeeromstandigheden. Onderzoek op dit gebied heeft aangetoond, dat een stikstofatmosfeer de bevochtiging bevordert, hiervoor minder tijd nodig is, de oververhitting temperatuur van de soldeer beperkt kan worden, de werking van de flux bevorderd wordt en dat na het solderen minder fluxresten op de print achterblijven. Specifiek wordt bij het golfsolderen de dross-vorming, oftewel afval, aanmerkelijk beperkt (dit in tegenstelling tot onder een luchtatmosfeer), omdat contact van de soldeergolf met stikstof nagenoeg geen oxidatie oplevert.  <br />
<img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Slechte%20bevochtiging.png" alt="Slechte bevochtiging" /></p>
<p>Het zo dat er niet één alternatieve legering beschikbaar is voor alle toepassingen. Voor golfsolderen zijn SnCu -, voor reflowsolderen SnAgCu- en voor handsolderen SnAgCu-legeringen het meest geschikt. De directe verschillen tussen loodvrij solderen t.o.v. loodhoudend solderen zijn hieronder aangegeven.</p>
<p>Handsolderen<br />
• Soldeerpunt hogere temperatuur &gt; 343 ºC (was 315 ºC).<br />
• Langer aantippen voor beter warmteoverdracht.<br />
• Soldeertang sneller verwijderen anders draden.<br />
• Soldeerpunt moet schoon blijven.<br />
• Doffere, korrelige verbinding vaak meer flux nodig.</p>
<p><a href="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=365">Golfsolderen<br />
</a>• Snelheid van de band net als bij SnPb. • Temperatuur soldeerpot: 260 ºC.<br />
• Voorverwarmingstemperatuur 165 ºC (i.p.v. 120 ºC).<br />
• Speciale gereedschappen; tin beschadigt soldeerpot.<br />
• Meer soldeerafval (minder met N2).<br />
• Meer agressieve flux nodig (N2).<br />
• Doffere, korrelige verbinding en meer oneffenheden in het oppervlak.</p>
<p><a href="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=354">Reflowsolderen</a><br />
• Hogere reflowsoldeer temperaturen 240-260 ºC en variabele thermische profielen.<br />
• N2 atmosfeer nuttig voor wetting en minder soldeerafval.<br />
• Bestaande ovens voor reflowsolderen kunnen hogere temperaturen aan, (afhankelijk van legering en thermische<br />
   massa PCB) echter lagere bandsnelheden en meer preventief onderhoud is nodig.<br />
• Nieuwe ovens voor loodvrij op de markt</p>
<p><a href="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=962">Vapor Phase solderen</a></p>
<ul>
<li>In damp een homogene soldeertemperatuur creeeren</li>
<li>N2 wordt natuurkundig bereikt</li>
<li>milieu vriendelijk</li>
<li>temperatuurverhoging niet nodig</li>
<li>en meerdere voordelen.</li>
</ul>
<p>Een van de grootste veranderingen bij loodvrij solderen buiten de soldeersamenstelling (legering) is de temperatuurverhoging voor de conventionele soldeer methodes. Deze temperatuurverhoging heeft zijn invloed op alles wat met het solderen te maken heeft en met alle onderdelen van een te assembleren product; componenten, onderdelen, machines, gereedschap en natuurlijk de printplaat. Vapor Pahse vormt hierop een uitzondering.</p>
<p>De keuze van componenten dient grondig bekeken te worden. Niet alle componenten zijn geschikt voor het loodvrij soldeerproces. Veel componenten zijn gekwalificeerd tot 235 ºC voor reflow solderen of zelfs tot 220 ºC (compatible met de J-STd-20 standaard), dit is niet voldoende. Indien componenten RoHS conform en zelfs loodvrij zijn is dit nog geen garantie voor een goede soldeerverbinding. De componenten die voldoen aan de J-STD-20C en hoger zijn loodvrij soldeerbaar op grond van de thermische vereisten.</p>
<p>Een goede soldeerverbinding (metallurgisch), kan tot stand komen als de soldeer oppervlakten en de soldeerlegering goed op elkaar zijn afgesteld. Bijvoorbeeld bij BGA’s, hiervan dienen de soldeerbollen aan de onderzijde (terminals) uit hetzelfde materiaal bestaan als de soldeerlegering. BGA’s met PbSn soldeerballen zullen geen betrouwbare soldeer verbinding krijgen bij solderen met een loodvrij soldeerlegering.</p>
<p>De finish van de PCB dient geschikt te zijn voor het loodvrij soldeerproces. De bekende HASL finish (PbSn) past niet in het loodvrij soldeerproces. Buiten het feit dat deze finish lood bevat, reageert het niet lekker met de SAC loodvrij soldeerlegering. De smelttemperatuur van PbSn van 179 ºC ligt aanzienlijk lager dan 217 ºC van een loodvrij soldeerlegering. De aanwezigheid van lood in de verbinding levert een verhoogd risico op een verzwakking in de soldeerlegering. Tegenwoordig kan men de printplaat laten finishen met een loodvrij HASL afwerking.</p>
<p>NiAu word regelmatig toegepast als finish. NiAu gaf bij loodhoudend solderen al regelmatig problemen en de soldeerverbinding is sterk afhankelijk van de kwaliteit van NiAu, wat moeilijk te garanderen is. Bij loodvrij solderen is de kwaliteit van de NiAu finish nog belangrijker. Wanneer het goud te dik is kan dit tot brosse SnAu verbindingen leiden, wat op zich weer een brosse soldeerverbinding oplevert. Bij ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) is de hoeveelheid goud gemaximeerd en vrij constant dit komt door een natuurlijk uitwisselproces (immersion) tussen Ni en Au. Ondanks dat bij ENIG de goud dikte vrij constant is, is het de hoeveelheid fosfor (P) in het nikkel die een zwakke verbinding tussen Ni en Sn kan opleveren. Tezamen met de sterke oppervlakte spanning van het SAC soldeer kan dit de betrouwbaarheid van de soldeerverbinding op langer termijn beïnvloeden.</p>
<p>Als alternatief voor de loodhoudende HASL finish kunnen de volgende finishes toegepast worden; SnCu HASL, Immersion Sn, Immersion Ag, ENIG en OSP. Al deze finishes solderen minder goed dan de SnPb HASL, maar de meeste benaderen de SnPb soldeerverbinding betrouwbaarheid. Zo heeft ieder van deze finishes zijn voor- en nadelen.</p>
<p>Het meest gebruikte loodvrij soldeerlegering is de zogenaamde SAC legering (SnAgCu) in verschillende procentuele samenstellingen. Het hoge smeltpunt van deze legering, met daardoor een hogere soldeertemperatuur, heeft over het algemeen een negatieve impact op de betrouwbaarheid van het gesoldeerde product. Doordat de PCB en de componenten aan een hogere temperatuur worden blootgesteld zullen de mechanische eigenschappen van deze onderdelen sneller degraderen en kunnen daardoor de componenten en PCB ook sneller beschadigen. Doordat de SAC legering een stijvere, sterkere en minder plastisch vervormbare samenstelling is zal dit tot een hogere mechanische spanning in de soldeerverbinding leiden. De verschillende uitzettingscoëfficiënten van de PCB en de componenten levert, door de hoge smelttemperatuur van SAC, een extra spanningsniveau tussen de componenten en de PCB. Deze extra mechanische belasting moet gedragen worden door alle elementen tussen de PCB en het component; de verbinding van het soldeereiland en de PCB, het soldeereiland en de inter-metallische laag, de inter-metallische laag met de soldeerverbinding, de soldeerverbinding met de component terminal.<br />
<img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Lood%20houdende%20en%20loodvrije%20soldeerverbinging.png" alt="Loodhoudende en loodvrije soldeering" /><br />
De loodvrije soldeerverbinding is onder lage mechanische belasting sterker dan de PbSn soldeerverbinding, maar bij hoge mechanische belasting is het tegenovergestelde het geval. Met name is de SAC soldeerverbinding minder bestand tegen schokken. Dit komt door de minder plastische vormbaarheid van SAC, waardoor sterke vibraties minder goed opgevangen worden en buigingen van de printplaat sneller een destructief effect op de soldeerverbinding zal hebben.</p>
<p>De verbindingen die met deze SAC soldeerlegering worden gemaakt zien er over het algemeen doffer en korreliger uit.  </p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Tin%20dendrieten.png" alt="Tin dendrieten" /></p>
<p>Het doffe uiterlijk wordt veroorzaakt door de vorming van tin-dendrieten, deze ontstaan tijdens het afkoelen van de soldeerverbinding. Dit verschijnsel doet zich meer voor bij pure tin dan bij lood-tin. Bij loodvrije soldeerverbindingen is het tin (Sn) gehalte aanzienlijk hoger, zo rond de 95%, waardoor dit fenomeen zichtbaarder wordt. Dit proces van tin-dendrieten vorming zal niet stoppen na het solderen, weliswaar zal dit in een aanzienlijk lager tempo geschieden.</p>
<p><big><big><big></big></big></big>Door de metallische eigenschappen van loodvrij solderen en de verhoogde soldeertemperatuur treden andere fenomenen met een groter regelmaat op:<br />
<img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Tombstoning.png" alt="Tombstoning" /><br />
<a href="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/Assyloodvrij.htm#top"></a></p>
<p>Tombstoning</p>
<p>Tombstoning is een fenomeen welke bij loodvrij solderen vaker kan optreden. Dit fenomeen waarbij een component tijdens het (reflow) solderen rechtop gaat staan, wordt veroorzaakt door verschillen in de oppervlakte spanning van de soldeereilanden. Wanneer een aansluitpunt van het component niet voldoende contact maakt met het soldeereiland zal door de oppervlakte spanning van de andere aansluiting, welke een beter contact heeft met het soldeereiland, het component doen stijgen. De juiste footprint en de plaatsing van het component zijn hierin heel belangrijk.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Solder%20wicking.png" alt="Solder wicking" /></p>
<p>Solder Wicking</p>
<p>Solder wicking ontstaat wanneer er een overgroot deel van het soldeer naar het contactvlak van het component vloeit. Het gevolg hiervan is een open verbinding tussen het contactvlak van het component en het soldeereiland. De oorzaak van dit fenomeen is een warmte verschil tussen het contactvlak van het component en het soldeereiland. Het contactvlak van het component is warmer, waardoor het soldeer eerder naar het contactvlak zal vloeien.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Solder%20bridging.png" alt="Solder bridging" /></p>
<p>Solder bridging</p>
<p>Solder bridging is een sluiting met soldeer tussen twee naast elkaar gelegen aansluitingen. Bij reflow duidt dit fenomeen doorgaans op teveel pasta op de soldeereilanden of het wordt veroorzaakt door oxidatie op het soldeereiland waardoor het soldeer minder tot niet hecht aan het soldeereiland maar uitvloeit op de terminal. Oxidatie vorming gaat sneller bij loodvrij solderen dan bij loodhoudend solderen. Bij golfsolderen kunnen de eerder genoemde factoren een grote rol spelen maar het is ook mogelijk dat de uitlopers van de componenten te lang zijn of dat de afstand tussen naast elkaar gelegen soldeereilanden te klein is en er door de terugslag van de golf een brug ontstaat.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Pad%20lifting.png" alt="Pad lifting" /></p>
<p>Pad lifting</p>
<p>Pad lifting is het fenomeen waarbij het soldeereiland los komt van het basismateriaal al dan niet met brokstukken van het basismateriaal. Doorgaans komt dit voor bij uitlopers van draadcomponenten in doorgemetalliseerde gaten. Door het krimpen van het soldeer nadat het de vaste vorm heeft bereikt ontstaat er een behoorlijke kracht op het soldeereiland wat het loskomen van het basismateriaal kan veroorzaken. De mate van uitzetting van het basismateriaal in Z-richting heeft hier grote invloed op.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Fillet%20lifting.png" alt="Fillet lifting" /> </p>
<p>Fillet lifting</p>
<p>Bij fillet lifting komt de soldeerverbinding los van het soldeereiland. Dit komt voort uit de verschillende uitzettingcoëfficiënten van de toegepaste materialen, met name als er loodhoudende componenten zijn toegepast en deze met een SAC legering word gesoldeerd.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Voids.png" alt="Voids" /></p>
<p>Voids</p>
<p>Voids zijn gaten in de soldeerverbinding. Dit fenomeen komt eigenlijk bij bijna alle soldeerverbindingen voor en zijn afhankelijk van de vorm en uitvoering van het component. Een soldeerverbinding die aan de bovenzijde wordt afgesloten bevat doorgaans meer voids dan soldeerverbindingen die aan de bovenzijde vrij zijn. Dit komt doordat de void lichter is dan de soldeersamenstelling en zich omhoog zal verplaatsen, wanneer de soldeerverbinding aan de bovenzijde is afgedenkt kan de void niet weg (BGA’s). Vervuiling van de oppervlakten kan voids veroorzaken. Een void is eigenlijk een lege ruimte in de soldeerverbinding. Ontgassen van de doorgemetalliseerde gaten kunnen ook voids veroorzaken. Niet te vergelijken met “blowholes”. Bij loodvrij solderen komt dit fenomeen vaker voor. Voids groter dan 25% van de soldeerverbinding worden doorgaans ge-reject. Voids zijn met het blote oog niet zichtbaar maar kunnen met een X-ray gevonden worden.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Blow%20holes.png" alt="Blow holes" /></p>
<p>Blow holes</p>
<p>Blow holes zijn vergelijkbaar met de bovengenoemde voids. De term blow hole geeft eigenlijk meer de grote van de gaten aan. Blow holes worden veroorzaakt door het uitgassen van de printplaat via de doorgemetalliseerde gaten. De grote is afhankelijke van de hoeveelheid waterdamp dat tijdens het solderen ontsnapt op het moment waarop de soldeerverbinding zijn vaste stadium heeft bereikt. Om dit fenomeen volledig uit te bannen dient de koperdikte in het gat minimaal 25µm dik te zijn om eventueel waterdamp in het basismateriaal niet via het doorgemetalliseerde gat te laten ontsnappen. Pre-baking van de print alvorens deze in het assemblage proces op te nemen, laat al veel waterdamp uit de print verdwijnen.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Bolbous%20joint.png" alt="Bolbous joint" /></p>
<p>Bulbous joint</p>
<p>Bulbous joint is wanneer er te veel soldeer op de soldeerverbinding aanwezig is. Dit komt doorgaans door de terugslag van de soldeergolf. Op zich is dit effect geen defect en behoeft niet noodzakelijkerwijs gerepareerd te worden. Het effect komt derhalve bij solderen met stikstof, wat veel bij loodvrij solderen word toegepast, meer voor dan solderen in een zuurstofrijke omgeving.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Soldeer%20ballen.png" alt="Soldeer ballen" /></p>
<p>Soldeer ballen</p>
<p>Soldeer ballen zijn kleine ronde soldeer ballen die als het ware tijdens het golfsolderen rond springen en zich hechten aan het oppervlak van de printplaat. De herkomst kan verschillende oorzaken hebben; gasvorming van de flux tijdens het contact met de soldeergolf (veroorzaakt door onjuiste proces parameters) waardoor de flux gaat spetteren, onvoldoende voorverwarming waardoor uitgassen van de PCB plaats vind tijdens het contact met de soldeergolf, te veel flux is toegevoegd, de combinatie flux en soldeermasker (soldeer ballen hechten zich makkelijker aan gladde soldeermasker dan aan matte soldeermasker). Soldeer ballen kunnen als ze op de verkeerde plek terecht komen kortsluitingen veroorzaken.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Onvoldoende%20gat%20vulling.png" alt="Onvoldoende gat vulling" /></p>
<p>Onvoldoende gat vulling</p>
<p>Het doorgemetalliseerde gat is niet voldoende gevuld met soldeer en is dus niet volledig doorgevloeid naar de bovenkant van de print. Dit kan verschillende oorzaken hebben; De gat/terminal verhouding is incorrect waardoor de soldeer niet voldoende kan optrekken of door zijn eigen gewicht weer terug zakt, door incorrecte voorverwarming of onvoldoende flux word de gat-wand en de terminal niet voldoende bevochtigd, de bovenzijde van de printplaat is niet voldoende opgewarmd, de soldeergolf heeft onvoldoende contact met de printplaat gemaakt.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Popcorning.png" alt="Popcorning" /></p>
<p>Popcorning</p>
<p>Popcorning is wanneer de behuizing van een component delamineerd als gevolg van verhitte vocht in het component. De naam is afgeleid van het geluid wat word geproduceerd tijdens dit effect. Het vocht kan zich bevinden in het materiaal van de behuizing of tussen verschillende materialen in de behuizing van het component. Door de hoge temperaturen tijdens het solderen zet het vocht uit en kiest de weg van de minste weerstand. Het levert kleine gaten of bobbels op aan het oppervlak of veroorzaakt beschadigingen binnenin het component.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Blackpad.png" alt="Blackpad" /></p>
<p>Blackpad</p>
<p>Black pad is het fenomeen waarbij de nikkel laag is geoxideerd en zichtbaar wordt als donker grijze vlekken. Deze donkere vlekken zijn met het blote oog nauwelijks to niet zichtbaar. Als printplaat finish voor loodvrij solderen wordt regelmatig goud toegepast (ENIG). Goud kan niet direct op koper worden aangebracht doordat de koper in het goud opgaat, daardoor wordt eerst een nikkel laag op het koper aangebracht en daarna goud op de nikkel laag. Goud oxideert niet snel als het in aanraking komt met zuurstof, nikkel daarentegen oxideert zeer snel. Tijdens het solderen lost het goud op in de soldeerlegering en blijft de nikkel laag over om aan te hechten. Door de oppervlakte spanning van de SAC legering is er kans dat het nikkel word blootgesteld aan zuurstof en zal direct oxideren. Er ontstaat een brosse verbinding, die onder mechanische belasting snel breekt. Deze brosse verbindingen komen vaker voor bij BGA’s en andere grote fine pitch componenten als QFP’s. Als het goud het nikkel niet goed afgedekt (ENIG proces) oxideert nikkel en ontstaan de black pads, met slechte soldeerbaarheid tot gevolg.</p>
<p>Tin wiskers</p>
<p>Tin whiskers zijn elektrisch-geleidende kristalstructuren van tin (boardfinish) welke soms uitgroeien tot enkele millimeters lengte. Veel elektronica applicaties zijn uitgevallen door kortsluitingen als gevolg van dit fenomeen. Niet alleen tin vertoont dit verschijnsel, materialen als zink en cadmium hebben hetzelfde verschijnsel. Whisker wordt vaak verward met het fenomeen dendrieten. Wiskers hebben doorgaans de vorm van een enkele zeer dunne (5µm) haarachtig uitgroei in Z-richting aan het oppervlak. Dendrieten hebben een sneeuwachtige patroon en groeien aan de oppervlakte in x- en y-richting. Om dendrieten te vormen moet er vloeistof aanwezig zijn die in staat is het metaal op te lossen en een elektro-magnetisch veld, wat de dendrieten doet groeien. Van whisker is het niet helemaal duidelijk waardoor het ontstaat, er is geen vloeistof of een elektro-magnetisch veld nodig om te vormen. De meest gehanteerde theorie over tin whisker is dat wanneer de Tin op het koper is aangebracht er een oxide laag word gevormd. Op hetzelfde moment verspreiden koper atomen zich in de tin die een Sn-Cu inter-metalische verbinding vormen, wat een samengeperste spanning oplevert. Deze (mechanische) spanning drukt de overgebleven Sn atomen naar buiten en zullen op de zwakste punten van de oxide laag naar buiten komen. Zo ontstaat een lange dunne draad van tin. Door het toevoegen van 3% lood (Pb) wordt dit effect verminderd en door het toevoegen van 5% zelfs geheel geëlimineerd. Daar bij het loodvrij solderen het lood uit de soldeerlegering is verwijderd zien we dit fenomeen weer terug komen. Om tot een acceptabele whisker vorming te komen kan men de tin laag dikker maken, een extra laag op het koper aan te brengen van nikkel (Ni) of door het toevoegen van een extra stof Bismut. Gebleken is dat met matte tin (immersion tin) in combinatie met pre-baking het effect vele malen kleiner en acceptabel is.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Tin%20wiskers.png" alt="Tin wiskers" /></p>
<p>Micro cracking</p>
<p>Micro cracking komt veelal voor bij loodvrij soldeerverbindingen. Het ontstaat door het krimpen van de soldeerlegering op het moment dat de soldeerverbinding zijn vaste vorm krijgt. Er komen behoorlijke krachten op het oppervlak tijdens dit stadium. Het effect is afhankelijk van de toegepaste finish en de snelheid waarmee het board afkoelt. Op zich is micro cracking geen defect maar het oogt minder mooi.</p>
<p> <img src="http://www.brinkhoftcp.nl/picts/Pics%20Articles/Micro%20cracking.png" alt="Micro cracking" /></p>
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		<title>Wave Soldering Defects &#8211; Solder Balls / Solder Balling</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1290</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1290#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 19 Jan 2010 11:00:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Wave solder balls]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1290</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[  Although a solder ball is present in Figure 1, it should have been referred to as a solder attachment rather than a ball. The solder has wet the track due to failure of the resist coating. The coating may have failed as it was applied over a tin/lead coating on the tracking or due [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Although a solder ball is present in <em>Figure 1</em>, it should have been referred to as a solder attachment rather than a ball. The solder has wet the track due to failure of the resist coating. The coating may have failed as it was applied over a tin/lead coating on the tracking or due to poor print thickness control. Care must be taken to ensure operators recognise the difference as any attempt to remove this type of ball manually will result in a damaged track.</p>
<table width="500" align="center">
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<td><img src="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/images/wave/solder_ball_1.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="335" /></td>
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<td><em>Figure 1: Manual removal of this solder attachment will damage the track.<a href="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/printing_damaged_stencils_2.htm"></a></em></td>
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<p>Solder balling can be caused by poor process conditions with gassing from the flux during wave contact or excessive turbulence as the solder flows back into the bath which causes spitting. Solder balls can be ejected from the joint area during soldering due to excessive outgassing of the PCB. In <em>Figure 2</em> shown a solder ball is attached to the base of the board on the edge of the resist and must have attached itself to the resist as it separated from the pin.</p>
<table width="500" align="center">
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<td><img src="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/images/wave/solder_ball_2.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="335" /></td>
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<td><em>Figure 2: This solder ball must have attached itself to the resist as it separated from the pin.<a href="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/printing_damaged_stencils_2.htm"></a></em></td>
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</table>
<p>Solder balling can be caused by poor process conditions with gassing from the flux during wave contact or excessive turbulence as the solder flows back into the bath, which causes spitting. Solder balls can be ejected from the joint area during soldering due to excessive outgassing of the PCB. In <em>Figure 3</em>, a solder ball is attached to the base of the board on the edge of the resist and must have attached itself to the resist as it separated from the pin.</p>
<table width="500" align="center">
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<td><img src="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/images/wave/solder_ball_3.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="335" /></td>
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<td><em>Figure 3: Another solderball attached to the edge of a resist.<a href="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/printing_damaged_stencils_2.htm"></a></em></td>
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</table>
<p>Care should be taken with some solder balls. The example in <em>Figure 4</em> is on a track and cannot be just knocked off. It is caused by squeeze out of the tin/lead from under the solder mask. or just simple adhesion. As the tin/lead becomes liquid during reflow or wave soldering, the tin/lead expands. The solder ball can form on a track. If the solder resist is thin, solder can wet during wave contact and leave a ball</p>
<table width="500" align="center">
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<td><img src="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/images/wave/solder_ball_4.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="335" /></td>
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<td><em>Figure 4: Solder on a resist can wet during wave contact and leave a ball.<a href="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/printing_damaged_stencils_2.htm"></a></em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Solder balling during wave soldering has always been around, but the elimination of cleaning after the soldering operation has made it more visible as a process problem. In the past, the solder balls were washed off the board surface during cleaning, out of sight out of mind!</p>
<p>Solder balls are caused by a number of process parameters. In <em>Figure 5</em>, the position of the balls is random. This type of defect is normally caused by spitting from the surface of the wave, which is associated with wave soldering parameters. If the solder is falling a distance from the printed board as the wave separates, the solder can literally splash back from the bath. If the preheat is incorrectly set or the quantity of flux applied increases, the evaporation of the solvent from the flux may be affected. Using a glass plate over the wave should show up the gassing problem. Ideally there should be minimal bubbles visible below the glass when it contacts the wave. The compatibility of the resist and flux should be examined; often the mask can contribute to solder ball adhesion.</p>
<table width="500" align="center">
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<td><img src="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/images/wave/solder_ball_5.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="335" /></td>
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<td><em>Figure 5: Solder balls on this board were caused by spitting from the surface of the wave.<a href="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/printing_damaged_stencils_2.htm"></a></em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The causes of solder balls are numerous, and they have always been present on the bottom side of printed boards. It has been the increase of the use of no clean low residue soldering that has focused more attention on the problem.</p>
<p>Regardless of the cause, if the solder balls do not adhere to the solder mask when leaving the solder wave, the problem is mostly eliminated. Selecting the best solder mask is the best solution to making a board design robust.</p>
<p>Solder balls are caused by gassing and spitting of the flux on the surface of the wave or by solder literally bouncing back from the solder wave. This is caused by excessive back flow in air or too high a drop in nitrogen environments.</p>
<table width="500" align="center">
<tbody>
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<td><img src="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/images/wave/solder_ball_6.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="335" /></td>
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<td><em>Figure 6: More solder balls caused by spitting.<a href="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/printing_damaged_stencils_2.htm"></a></em></td>
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<p>In <em>Figure 7</em>, the solder balling is random and more likely the result of solder balls spitting or bouncing up from the solder wave. This is caused by volatile materials still remaining from the flux or the height of the wave separation. Try using a piece of white card placed over the wave. Leave it there with the wave running but without boards being processed. Then try the same test with boards going through the machine. This will pinpoint the cause of the problem.</p>
<table width="500" align="center">
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<td><img src="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/images/wave/solder_ball_7.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="335" /></td>
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<td><em>Figure 7: More solder balling caused by spitting. Place a white card over the wave to pinpoint the cause of the problem.<a href="http://www.globalsmt.net/troubleshooter/printing_damaged_stencils_2.htm"></a></em></td>
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<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><span style="color: #660033;"><strong> </strong></span></p>
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		<title>Cleaning possibilities</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1270</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1270#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 18 Jan 2010 10:58:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cleaning & Coating]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1270</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Services: Cleaning Electronics &#38; Components Fix Trade has the capability to clean both bare boards and finished assemblies.  Using a variety of methods, Fix Trade  can assure that your boards are clean and prepared for reliable field performance.  Whether needs involve cleaning of the total board or only a specific localized area, we have the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Services: Cleaning Electronics &amp; Components</strong><br />
Fix Trade has the capability to clean both bare boards and finished assemblies.  Using a variety of methods, Fix Trade  can assure that your boards are clean and prepared for reliable field performance.  Whether needs involve cleaning of the total board or only a specific localized area, we have the tools and knowledge to complete the task.<br />
Some of the specific areas we specialize in include:</p>
<p>-          Precision Cleaning<br />
-          Rescue Cleaning</p>
<p><img src="http://www.residues.com/images/picture%20library/White%20flux%20residues%20around%20connector%20pins.jpg" alt="" width="274" height="156" /><br />
-          Restoration Cleaning<br />
-          Proof of Cleaning<br />
-          Cleaning a No Clean Assembly<br />
-          Cleaning a Lead Free Assembly<br />
-          Contract Cleaning<br />
-          Flux Removal<br />
-          Disaster Recovery<br />
-          Dendrite removal<br />
-          Cleaning of Components</p>
<p>We have the capabilities of steam cleaning in both batch and inline cleaners. Our protocol is qualified to IPC ANSI-J-Std 001 for water soluble flux cleaning and cleaning of no-clean flux residues.  The systems are designed for low-pressure, high flood sapponified cleaning and are used in conjunction with isolated steam allowing us the flexibility to clean a variety of products and contaminants. Using our cleaning systems, we are able to handle a range of projects as small as one sample up to hundreds of thousands of assemblies.  We can customize our cleaning process to adjust for parts that are water intolerant. Or with conformal coatings.  All IPC directed ESD protocols are followed for protection of your product.<br />
Once cleaning is completed, results will be validated by certified IPC 610 visual inspection as well as ion chromatography analysis.  With each return shipment, a certificate of compliance will be provided.  If required, each cleaned board can be marked.  If you have a cleaning need, please feel free to email <a href="mailto:info@fixtrade.nl">info@fixtrade.nl</a> with your information and to obtain a quotation.<br />
<strong>Cleaning Electronics</strong><br />
Correct cleaning of electronic components and equipment within the production process is a pre-requisite for long-term performance and quality. Silicone electrochemical range of products aid the preparation and cleaning of surfaces in order to effectively apply conformal coatings, adhesives or potting compounds, within electrical or electronic devices used in the following industries:</p>
<p>• Automotive<br />
• Aviation and aerospace<br />
• Telecommunications<br />
• Railway and traction<br />
• Measurement and control<br />
• Household appliances<br />
• General electronic and electrical applications</p>
<p><strong>Water Based Cleaners</strong><br />
Where practical and viable we would always recommend the use of a water based cleaner which will have<br />
obvious environmental benefits however, in some cases it is not practical to use these types of cleaners.<br />
Silicones have produced very effective aqueous cleaners for use with both manual and machine automated<br />
systems. There are  aqueous cleaners in three convenient forms: a foaming aerosol, for easy on the spot<br />
cleaning, a bulk solution, supplied ready for use, or as a concentrate, for further dilution.</p>
<p>• Multi metal inhibited formulation<br />
• Removes fluxes and residues, especially no clean and lead free<br />
• Cleans to IPCTM650/ANSI-J-STD 001B standards<br />
• Removes uncured surface mount adhesive residues from stencils and application equipment<br />
• Removes some solvent soluble coatings (Acrylic coatings)<br />
• Biodegradable<br />
The bulk liquids are suitable for use with ultrasonic or spray under immersion cleaning equipment. As with all cleaners, it is important to rinse away all residues to complete the cleaning process.</p>
<p><strong>Solvent Based Cleaners</strong><br />
Solvent cleaners, are fast evaporating solvents that do not contain CFC’s, HCF’s chlorinated or brominated solvents. Degreaser – is designed for removal of greases, oil, silicones and hydrocarbons prior to the application of adhesives, coatings or other surface treatments. Residues should be rinsed off using clean solvent.<br />
PCB Cleaner – specifically designed to clean flux and residues, uncured surface mount adhesives, solvent<br />
soluble coatings from PCB’s and associated equipment, such as stencils. It can also be used as a very<br />
effective label remover.<br />
<strong>Compatibility<br />
</strong>When cleaning with either solvented or aqueous based cleaners it is important to ensure compatibility with the<br />
materials being cleaned. It is not possible to provide a definitive list of which substrates should be avoided<br />
with specific cleaners. Particularly sensitive to many solvents are many of the modern plastics used within the<br />
electronics industry, such as acrylic and polycarbonate. We strongly recommend testing for compatibility prior<br />
to introducing a cleaner into the production process; selecting a test area where any adverse effects will not be<br />
detrimental to product integrity.<br />
Care should be exercised when using any aqueous based cleaner on unprotected metals to avoid problems<br />
with corrosion.<br />
<strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Wipes<br />
</strong>These are made of high quality, lint free cloths designed for the general cleaning and drying of all surfaces<br />
including glass, plastics, rubbers, metals, LCD and filter screens. They are specifically designed to be tear<br />
resistant and non-linting which makes it ideal for use on delicate surfaces and stencils. They can be used with<br />
any of the cleaners.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Flux Residue Types, Sources and Effects</strong></p>
<p><img class="alignleft" src="http://www.residues.com/images/picture%20library/partially%20activated%20flux%20after%20wave.jpg" alt="" width="167" height="251" />Flux residues are one of the most common and harmful residue sources that afflict printed circuit board assemblies.   Field product failures occur regularly due to flux residues that have not been fully volatilized from boards during assembly processes.  With today&#8217;s circuitry becoming smaller and more complex, with smaller circuit spacing’s and lower standoffs, there are many opportunities for flux residue entrapment in critical areas of circuitry or underneath low standoff components. </p>
<p>The most common flux residues found are chloride and weak organic acids.  Weak organic acids include such substances as adipic and succinic acids.  Flux residues are a result of flux activators, and are normally benign if allowed to fully complex and volatilize from boards.  Flux deposition is also very important in preventing harmful flux residues from being left on boards.  If too much flux is deposited, thermal energy during preheat is spent driving off solvents rather than complexing the flux residues.</p>
<p>When flux residues are left on PCBs or PWBs, they have the potential to react with moisture and an applied voltage to cause electro migration and electrical leakage.  It is therefore important to make sure that flux deposition is controlled, flux residues are volatilized and cleaning processes are optimized.  Foreside specializes in services such as failure analysis, cleanliness evaluation, proof of cleaning and flux qualification testing and consulting.  Below are some pictures of flux residues and their related problems.</p>
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		<title>Technology</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1242</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1242#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2010 10:26:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Technology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1242</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Voids xRay Tumbstone Vaporphase]]></description>
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<p><a href="index.php?cat=100"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1253" title="oclv_low_void" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/oclv_low_void.jpg" border="0" alt="" width="276" height="238" /></a></p>
<p>Voids</p>
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<p><a href="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1204 "><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1254" title="xray-joke" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/xray-joke-300x251.jpg" border="0" alt="" width="300" height="251" /></a></p>
<p>xRay</p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="index.php?cat=102"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1261" style="border: 0px;" title="th_0511smt_lf01" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/th_0511smt_lf01.gif" border="0" alt="" width="290" height="250" /></a></p>
<p>Tumbstone</p>
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<p><a href="index.php?cat=47"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1277" title="Vapor-phase" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/Vapor-phase.jpg" border="0" alt="" width="421" height="235" /></a></p>
<p>Vaporphase</p>
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		<title>Tumbstoning</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1229</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1229#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Jan 2010 15:11:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Tumbstoning]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1229</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Tumbstoning or other reflow solder problems What is Tombstoning?A tombstone-sometimes called a Manhattan skyline, crocodile, leaning tower or space rocket-is a chip component that has partially or completely lifted off one end of the surface of the pad. Tombstones may be caused by solderability variations on terminations; volume of paste; surface area of pad; variations [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1><a rel="bookmark" href="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1156">Tumbstoning or other reflow solder problems </a></h1>
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<td colspan="2" width="563" height="313"><img src="http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/img2/nea0303inin3fig1.jpg" alt="" width="381" height="276" />What is Tombstoning?A tombstone-sometimes called a Manhattan skyline, crocodile, leaning tower or space rocket-is a chip component that has partially or completely lifted off one end of the surface of the pad. Tombstones may be caused by solderability variations on terminations; volume of paste; surface area of pad; variations in thermal demand of pads; solder mask thickness; paste under parts; limited placement force; and nitrogen usage.</td>
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<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#eeeeee">Incorrect Pad Design</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#336600"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="345"><img src="http://www.zs6buj.com/MyPics/SDRZero/SDRZero_PCB_mod.jpg" alt="" width="332" height="224" />Ideally, with reflow soldering, the pads are designed so that the termination is positioned equally in the x- and y-axis so that, during soldering, the forces are fairly equal. If the termination surface is not positioned centrally on the solder paste deposit and pad, a tendency to pull the part in the direction of the highest energy promoting lift exists. When movement occurs, it is difficult to stop and can often result in an open connection at one chip junction-hence the lifting action.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="15"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#eeeeee">Solderability of terminations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#336600"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="194"> <img src="http://www.npiengineer.com/images/tombstoning2.jpg" alt="" width="231" height="150" />Solderability of terminations on chip parts has been found to vary when subjected to testing. Due to the original plating technique or the application of the final protective coating, variations on the solderability may exist and cause the wetting forces acting on each pad.If the solderability of the terminals is poor on one side, the termination wetting forces will draw the part to the center of the pad where the forces are balanced before the other termination wets. This process occurs in a couple of seconds and can be the cause of lift. Even if the lift is subtle, satisfactory wetting will occur on one surface and not on the lifted termination-not on the base. In the case of a chip resistor, most of the wetting force occurs on the base, then the end that tends to start the lifting action.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="15"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#eeeeee">Volume of Paste</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#336600"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="294"> <img src="http://www.zanafilla.net/paste_zoomed_in.jpg" alt="" />When the copper pad surface is equal and paste volumes are different, the point of reflow can be affected. If the deposit on one pad is smaller than the deposit on the other, the larger deposit will reflow first and also wet the termination first. This phenomenon has been seen during process trials on ball grid array (BGA) and microBGA. The smaller volume will always reflow first<br />
.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="15"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#eeeeee">Surface Area of Pad; Thermal Demand of Pads</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#336600"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="120"><img src="http://images.pennnet.com/article_images/smt/org/epictwo.jpg" alt="" /> It is important to maintain equal pad sizes and track interconnections on each termination of a device.During reflow, terminations do not reflow at exactly the same time. A difference in the surface area of copper, connected to the termination, may affect the wetting speed and increase the wetting forces applied to one side of a chip component, which increases the possibility of lifting.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="15"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#eeeeee">Solder Mask Thickness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#336600"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="120"> <img src="http://screamingcircuits.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/11/27/soldermask_tombstoning_for_blog_4.jpg" alt="" />The resist or solder mask thickness on the surface of the board should be examined, as thickness can vary. Components have been found to rock on the surface of the solder mask between the pads. This “rocking” can also be exaggerated where a copper track runs under the body of the parts. I recall seeing this on vapor phase systems during reflow of 0805 chip resistors.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="15"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="15"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#eeeeee">Paste under parts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#336600"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="355"> <img src="http://screamingcircuits.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c008a53ef0120a6ab2bee970b-320wi" alt="" width="355" height="294" />This stencil would end up laying way too much paste down. Some of it would be on the solder mask which might bubble up and turn into solder balls. All in all, the use of this stencil might just lead to something of a gloppy mess.If solder paste is allowed to slump under parts, or is forced under the chip body during placement, an upward force may be developed during reflow.<br />
All the individual particles of the paste reach reflow temperature and try to join together. As they combine, the size of the group particles can lift the part. If lifting does not occur, the paste often seeps out the side of the chip and is seen as a solder bead. An example of this lifting defect can be seen in the last issue of IPC 610 (not the updated issue released in January 2000).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="15"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#eeeeee">Limited Placement Force</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#336600"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="115"> <img src="http://dataweek.co.za/Articles/Dataweek%20-%20Published%20by%20Technews/w6431f.gif" alt="" width="386" height="219" />When any component is placed into the solder paste, on the pad surface, the component should slightly break the surface of the paste to improve the termination wetting when part. lderability may be marginal. This practice also overcomes any effect in paste dry out in warm production areas or where delays have occurred. The parts should not be forced directly into the paste, as this can lead to solder shorts and an increase in solder beading after reflow.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="15"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#eeeeee">Nitrogen Usage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="13" bgcolor="#336600"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="563" height="138"> <img src="http://screamingcircuits.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/11/27/soldermask_tombstoning_for_blog_4.jpg" alt="" width="605" height="240" />Soldermask and Tombstoning one of the causes wich can be prevent through quality control or IPC requirements. But it still does happen for a variety of reasons. Vapor Phase does not have any oxygen in the vapor therefore Vapor Phase soldering is also equal too nitrogen. To who does not have Vapor Phase; Hot air replaced by nitrogen will have result to prevent <a href="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?cat=100">voids </a>which can cause tumbstoning also. The use of nitrogen during reflow is relatively limited in the industry, although it does have its benefits. People have seen a far higher incidence of part float or lifting in nitrogen as opposed to air. The nitrogen does not cause the problem, but simply enhances the wetting forces and the part lifting. Normally the benefits of nitrogen soldering can be obtained in terms of wetting around 600 to 800 ppm. If the process is running at 50 to 100 ppm, try saving money and reducing chip lift.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
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		<title>Wat is X-Ray?</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1204</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1204#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Jan 2010 09:21:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Rontgen]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[ Een korte verklaring in het Nederlands. Hoe ontstaat röntgenstraling? Röntgenstraling (ontdekt door Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895) ontstaat als remstraling in een röntgenbuis. Een röntgenbuis (zie schets) is een elektronenbuis (luchtledig) waarin zich een gloeidraad bevindt (kathode) en aan de andere zijde een trefvlak (anode). Door de verhitting zendt de gloeidraad elektronen uit (thermische elektronenemissie).  De [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.de-veenkolonien.nl/Vlag-NL.jpg" alt="" width="64" height="39" /> Een korte verklaring in het Nederlands.</p>
<p><strong>Hoe ontstaat röntgenstraling?</strong></p>
<p>Röntgenstraling (ontdekt door Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895) ontstaat als remstraling in een röntgenbuis. Een röntgenbuis (zie schets) is een elektronenbuis (luchtledig) waarin zich een gloeidraad bevindt (kathode) en aan de andere zijde een trefvlak (anode). Door de verhitting zendt de gloeidraad elektronen uit (thermische elektronenemissie).  De hoeveelheid elektronen welke uitgezonden worden neemt toe naarmate de temperatuur van het gloei-element hoger wordt. Op die wijze kan de hoeveelheid uitgezonden elektronen door een variatie in de gloeistroom worden geregeld. Zolang er geen spanning is aangelegd tussen anode en katode blijven de geëmitteerde elektronen als een elektronenwolk om de katode zweven.  Wordt de anode op een positieve spanning gebracht ten opzichte van de katode door een aangelegde hoogspanning, dan worden de elektronen die aan de katode vrijkomen door de anode aangetrokken. Tijdens het electronenbombardement wordt de energie van de electronen omgezet in warmte en röntgenstraling.</p>
<p>HOE WERKT EEN RÕNTGENBUIS  </p>
<p>Als het röntgenapparaat aanstaat en geactiveerd wordt, gaat er door de gloeidraad van de röntgenbuis een elektrische stroom lopen. De gloeidraad wordt hierdoor heet en gaat deeltjes uitzenden (zogenaamde elektronen). Deze deeltjes worden in de richting van de plaat uitgezonden (zogenaamde anode), waaruit de röntgenstraling opgewekt wordt. Tussen de gloeidraad en de anode ontstaat een elektrische spanning (de buisspanning). Door deze spanning worden de elektronen met een grote snelheid naar de anode toe getrokken. Daar botsen ze tegen het metaal van de anode waardoor de anode röntgenstraling gaat uitzenden. Deze röntgenstraling kan alleen door een venster buiten het apparaat komen. Dit venster wordt dan ook gericht op het te fotograferen lichaamsdeel.</p>
<p>Als de elektrische stroom door de gloeidraad groter wordt, gaat deze meer elektronen uitzenden. Er botsen dan meer elektronen tegen de anode en wordt er meer röntgenstraling uitgezonden: de intensiteit van de straling wordt dus groter. Men kan bij een röntgenbuis ook de buisspanning aanpassen.</p>
<p>Als de buisspanning groter wordt, worden de elektronen die van de gloeidraad afkomen, met een grotere snelheid richting de anode versneld. Deze elektronen botsen hierdoor harder tegen het metaal van de anode waardoor de straling die daar vanaf komt een grotere energie heeft. Op deze manier kan men de energie (hardheid) van de straling bepalen. Hoe harder de röntgenstraling, hoe groter het doordringvermogen van de straling is. Men kan dus afhankelijk van het soort onderzoek en het te fotograferen lichaamsdeel bepalen welke stralingsenergie en welke stralingsintensiteit er gebruikt moet worden.</p>
<p><strong><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1221" title="x-ray tube" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/x-ray-tube-300x184.jpg" alt="" width="427" height="285" /></strong></p>
<p><strong>Hoe ontstaat het röntgenbeeld?</strong></p>
<p>Bij doortocht van röntgenstraling door het object wordt een gedeelte van de straling door de dichte objecten tegengehouden (absorptie). Het resterende deel van de straling gaat door het object (uittredende straling) . Dit gedeelte wordt gebruikt voor beeldvorming. Alle onderdelen in nemen een deel van de röntgenstraling op maar ze doen dat in wisselende mate zodat de uittredende stralenbundel niet meer homogeen is. De uittredende stralenhoeveelheid wordt op analoge ( klassieke röntgenfoto’s) of digitale (gecomputeriseerd)  manier gemeten en in een beeld omgezet: het röntgenbeeld.</p>
<p>Het röntgen onderzoek wordt na fabricage opgeslagen en kunnen later ook worden bewerkt afhankelijk welke resolutie en met welk doel.  De beelden zijn dan een resultatie van hetgeen is doorgeschenen (licht). Daarom is de kracht / intensiteit / sterkte van de straal bepalend voor de doorlaatbaarheid en daarmee het beeld wat overblijft. Ook is het afhankelijk welk object wordt bekeken en wat de doorlaatbaarheid daarvan is. Veel apparaten kunnen daarom in sterke varieren. </p>
<p>Lood is bijvoorbeeld een slechte doorlaatbare materie. Dit betekent dat door dik lood geen straling kan. Dit is lastig te controleren maar tevens een goede straling isolator. Vandaar dat rontgen apparatuur daarom zwaar is van constructie.</p>
<p><strong>Is de straling van de Röntgenstraal gevaarlijk?</strong></p>
<p>Het is één van ironieën van radiologische praktijk dat de Röntgenstralen kanker kunnen veroorzaken.  maar wordt tevens gebruikt om het te behandelen. Tegenwoordig, is door het gebruik van zeer kleine dosissen straling om beelden de van uitstekende kwaliteit  te maken. Na gedegen onderzoek is gebleken dat het risico van kanker is uiterst klein.</p>
<p>Indien langdurig en met regelmaat door  personeel met Röntgenstralen wordt gewerkt wordt de kan uiteraard groter. Vandaar dat zij achter een scherm voor veiligheid gaan staan als een straal wordt ingeschakeld. Het cumulatieve effect zou voor hen op een bepaalde manier significant kunnen zijn.</p>
<p>Vooral dames die de mogelijkheid hebben zwanger te zijn, wordt aangeraden in het geheel niet bloot te stellen aan röntgenstraling. De straling kan schade aan een foetus veroorzaken. Het vermelden bij onderzoeken is in veel ziekenhuizen de procedure de dame in kwestie te informeren en te waarschuwen.</p>
<p>Wie werkt met röntgen dien altijd de omgeving te informeren dmv stickers en de ruimte af te schermen om de betreder, gebruikers en toeschouwers te informeren hetgeen aanwezig is. Voor algemeen gebruik van röntgen zijn bij alle toestellen gebruikers handleidingen geleverd. Hier staat altijd het doel van de machine in beschreven. Het wordt dan ook afgeraden  </p>
<p><strong>De relatie tussen zwangeren en röntgenstraling?</strong></p>
<p>Het ongeboren kind is door zijn snelle ontwikkeling gevoeliger voor straling dan volwassenen en kinderen. Bestraling van kinderen in de moederschoot is te mijden tenzij dit door omstandigheden niet te vermijden is, vb omwille van ernstige gezondheisproblemen bij de moeder. Door gepaste maatregelen ( loodschorten, beperking van de opnames) wordt blootstelling van het ongeboren kind dan tot het minimum beperkt. Indien U weet –of denkt- dat U zwanger kan zijn moet u <strong>DIT ABSOLUUT MELDEN</strong> aan het personeel of de radioloog zodat ongewenste blootstelling van Uw kind vermeden wordt of tot een minimum beperkt.</p>
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		<title>X-RAY inspection</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1201</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1201#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Jan 2010 09:19:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[-xray inspection]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1201</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Short resume What is X-RAY? X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, just like visible light. In a health care setting, a machines sends are individual x-ray particles, called photons. These particles pass through the body. A computer or special film is used to record the images that are created. Electromagnetic radiation of extremely short [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1202" title="xray_laptop" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/xray_laptop-294x300.jpg" alt="" width="260" height="189" /><img src="http://img.timeinc.net/time/photoessays/2008/xray/parent_xray.jpg" alt="" width="335" height="191" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Short resume What is X-RAY?</strong></p>
<p>X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, just like visible light. In a health care setting, a machines sends are individual x-ray particles, called photons. These particles pass through the body. A computer or special film is used to record the images that are created.</p>
<p><a onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this target="><span style="color: #000000;">Electromagnetic radiation</span></a> of extremely short wavelength(100 nanometres to 0.001 nanometre) produced by the deceleration of charged particles or the transitions of electrons in atoms. X-rays travel at the speed of light and exhibit phenomena associated with waves, but experiments indicate that they can also behave like particles. On the electromagneticspectrum, they lie between gamma rays and ultraviolet radiation. They were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who named them X-rays for their unknown nature. They are used in medicine to diagnose bone fractures, dental cavities, and cancer; to locate foreign objects in the body; and to stop the spread of malignant tumours. In industry, they are used to analyze and detect flaws in structures.</p>
<p>Optical light to which a typical human eye normally responds corresponds to the electromagnetic wavelengths located between 380 to 750 nanometers, with a maximum sensitivity at 555 nanometers. Against general belief, this specific wavelength is attributed to the green light, not to the red one! Thus, the human eye is more sensitive to the green color than to red. X-ray, on the other hand, is located in the electromagnetic spectrum between the wavelengths 0.01 to 10 nanometers, and, just like infrared, microwave and radio waves, this type of light is invisible to the human eye.</p>
<p>X-ray light is also more energetic than the previous types of electromagnetic radiation enumerated in the upper paragraph, but not the most energetic in the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma ray has the highest frequency, energy and the shortest wavelengths inside the electromagnetic spectrum and it can pack such high energy that can actually create extensive damage in living cells.</p>
<p>Nonetheless, a single X-ray photon can have hundreds to thousands of times the energy of a photon of light in the optical spectrum. They were first discovered by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895, who later received the Nobel Prize for physics for his finding that quickly got to be used for medical purposes.</p>
<p>X-ray light is being routinely emitted throughout the universe as highly energetic atoms experience a decay that returns them to the ground state energy configuration, when time electrons are being ejected. In the same time, the atom will also emit a X-ray photon in order to shed enough energy to return to the ground state. The process is commonly known as &#8216;braking radiation&#8217;. In X-ray generating devices on Earth we are capable of producing X-ray radiation by smashing electrically charged particles, such as electrons, into metal targets.</p>
<p>Usually, the metal targets are constructed out of tungsten, which emits X-ray radiation through a &#8216;braking radiation&#8217; process, as an energetic beam of electrons is decelerated into the tungsten target. Not only that, but electron-tungsten atom collision produces X-ray radiation through two separate mechanisms, one by electron-atom collision and the second by electron emission from the tungsten atoms.</p>
<p>Alternatively, particle accelerators, such as synchrotron, can produce powerful beams of X-ray light by accelerating electrons at relativistic speeds. As they are being spun throughout the whole circumference of the synchrotron, electrons receive energy continuously, so that they reach higher and higher speeds. However, electrons cannot surpass 99.9 percent of the speed of light and they would eventually have to shed the excess energy through X-ray light emission.</p>
<h2>Is <strong>X-ray</strong> radiation <strong>dangerous</strong>?</h2>
<p>It is one of the ironies of radiological practice that X-rays can both cause cancer and be used to treat it. Nowadays, with the use of very small doses of radiation to produce high quality <strong>X-ray</strong> images, the risk of cancer after properly supervised <strong>X-ray</strong> examinations is extremely small; so small as to be of no consequence to any individual.</p>
<p>Because staff in the <strong>X-ray</strong> department work with X-rays all the time they would, if they stayed beside every patient, over the course of time, be exposed to quite a high dose of radiation. This is why they go behind a screen when the <strong>X-ray</strong> beam is switched on. The cumulative effect would be significant for them in a way that it is not significant for an individual patient.</p>
<p>Radiation can cause damage to a foetus, which is why, as far as possible, the use of X-rays during pregnancy is kept to the absolute minimum. Any woman who suspects that she is pregnant, and who has been referred for an <strong>X-ray</strong> examination, should make sure that the radiographers and doctors caring for her know about her condition.</p>
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		<title>Low cost workplaces</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1188</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1188#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Jan 2010 11:10:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Workbenches]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1188</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1189" title="Elmi werkbanken 006" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/Elmi-werkbanken-006-225x300.jpg" alt="" width="225" height="300" /><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1190" title="Elmi werkbanken klein boven" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/Elmi-werkbanken-klein-boven-300x224.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="224" /><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1191" title="foto7 copy" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/foto7-copy-300x201.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="201" /></p>
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		<title>Vapour Phase Reflow &#8211; Questions &amp; Answers</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1178</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1178#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Jan 2010 10:45:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Vapor Phase]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1178</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[LOOK BELOW FOR THE LATEST MINI LAB MODELS. Why Vapor Phase instead of other reflow methods? Assemblers in progressive companies throughout the world are recognizing the advantages of this reflow soldering method as currently the simplest and most reliable method of soldering.  It allows for the processing of ALL components without any complicated calculations or [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>LOOK BELOW FOR THE LATEST MINI LAB MODELS.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Why Vapor Phase instead of other reflow methods? </strong></p>
<p>Assemblers in progressive companies throughout the world are recognizing the advantages of this reflow soldering method as currently the simplest and most reliable method of soldering.  It allows for the processing of ALL components without any complicated calculations or the need to maintain temperature controls. Vapor Phase provides long term reliable reproducibility of processing conditions.</p>
<p><strong>How does it work? </strong></p>
<p>As the liquid boils, a layer of saturated vapor containing no oxygen or other gasses forms above it. As the solder material is immersed into the vapor zone the vapor condenses onto it and transfers its corresponding heat.  Vapor Phase The fluid used in today’s Vapor Phase machines DOES NOT CONTAIN CFC’s. The chemical is environmentally compatible. It is non-corrosive and extremely stable. The chemical used in Vapor Phase machines is very expensive, and machines suffer from excessive solvent loss. Chemical running costs of a basic machine  are approximately 70p an hour or a little over 1p a minute.</p>
<p><strong>Is Condensation Soldering different to Vapor Phase soldering? </strong></p>
<p>They are the same. The same fluids are used, heated to their boiling point to create a vapour (or condensation), which allows the solder to reflow in an inert atmosphere. Any differences are to individual manufacturer’s machine design.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.ami.ac.uk/courses/topics/0132_rs/images/ass_baprs_imgb.gif" alt="" /></p>
<p><strong> How do you control the risk of overheating?</strong></p>
<p>The maximum board temperature is equal to the boiling temperature of the liquid used, i.e.200ºC. for SnPb or 230ºC for lead-free materials. Irrespective of how long the solder material remains in the vapor, irrespective of board thickness; temperature can never be higher than that of the vapor. For example; it is possible to solder such disparate items as a 0.5mm thick PCB and an 18-layer board simultaneously. Both will get sufficient heat for soldering but neither will overheat. Vapor Phase eliminates the risk of overheating. The laws of physics dictate the process, i.e. it is impossible to overheat.</p>
<p><strong> What about oxidation?</strong></p>
<p>Vapor Phase Reflow produces a 100% inert/oxygen free soldering environment that eliminates oxidation problems. The vapor is heavy (in comparison to steam or air) and therefore displaces lighter gases, which are found above the vapor. In this way the vapor creates a protective gas atmosphere without the use of nitrogen (as used in other soldering procedures).  Boards are subjected to a large thermal shock when entering the vapor phase chamber. The PCBs are elevated from ambient to reflow temperature very quickly, and this can cause thermal stress and component damage. Heat transfer to the board can be faster or slower, different temperature gradients can be produced to suit specific board/component types.</p>
<p><strong>Condensation soldering</strong></p>
<p>In what used to be called vapour phase soldering, the component and board are immersed in the vapour from a boiling liquid. As liquid condenses onto the (comparatively) cool surface of the assembly, its latent heat is transferred to the board, raising the temperature of the product to the boiling temperature of the liquid.</p>
<p>There are two types of fluids currently sold for condensation soldering:</p>
<ul>
<li>perfluorocarbons, for example, 3M Fluorinert – contain only carbon and fluorine</li>
<li>perfluoropolyethers (for example, Galden PFPE) – contain carbon, fluorine and oxygen.</li>
</ul>
<p>Both types of material are chemically inert, and have high dielectric strength and low viscosity. They are non-toxic, and have no flash or fire point, so operator safety concerns are confined to the vapour being at high temperature. From the environmental perspective, both have zero ozone depletion potential, and are not regulated as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they do not contribute to ground-level smog formation. However, perfluorocarbons have high global warming potentials (GWP) and long atmospheric lifetimes, and need to carefully managed in order to minimise emissions. Although not stated by the manufacturer, perfluoropolyethers appear to have acceptably low GWP.</p>
<p>The boiling point of these fluids may be selected for the application: the commonly used Fluorinert FC-70 and Galden LS/215 both boil at 215°C, but perfluoropolyethers are available with boiling points up to 260°C.</p>
<p>Machines provide successive dwells, first in a preheating zone, where the assembly is raised to 100–160°C, and then (usually for about 1 min.) in the ‘primary vapour’. With batch machines (Figure 2), where the preheat is provided by a cooler ‘secondary vapour’ of a compatible fluid, this also performs the post-solder cooling.</p>
<p><strong>Vapor Phase Reflow causes “tomb-stoning” </strong></p>
<p>The ability to completely pre-heat the board, according to the material/component requirements (see previous answer), and create a very gradual temperature rise will help avoid thermal stress and tomb-stoning.  Today’s boards are frequently very heavily populated; Often include a great variety of small sensitive components, such as µBGAs, CSPs and Flip chips. Solder joints are mostly hidden; a uniform temperature profile is crucial. How can vapor phase provide this?  During conventional reflow in order to ensure that the hidden central joints of these delicate devices are heated sufficiently, the temperature may have to be raised as much as 50ºC above the melting point of the alloy. Overheating of the ‘external’ solder connections and permanent component damage is most often an inevitability. When using Vapor Phase (or condensation), heat is drawn by conduction from a saturated vapor onto the PCB; the heat is distributed evenly throughout, irrespective of whether components have a high or low thermal mass. Vapor Phase has a delta T of 5°C. e.g. Reflow temperature differentials across the assembly are always less than 5ºC.</p>
<p><strong>How does Vapor Phase cope with Lead Free Solders?</strong></p>
<p>Temperatures that are required for lead free materials are more extreme. Typically +10% for wave soldering and +20% for reflow, these additional temperatures create an even greater risk of material and component damage. Vapor Phase is the only reflow process which allows you to change to lead free (for example: SnAg 3,5 with a melting point of 221ºC) without danger of overheating the board or components by using a liquid with a boiling point of 230ºC.</p>
<p><strong>Solder Wetting of lead free materials is a concern </strong></p>
<p>Lead free alloys do not wet as well as SnPb, an inert atmosphere will be more important to employ the best possible soldering conditions to help overcome this problem. When using convection reflow the use of a nitrogen atmosphere will improve solder joints, but for low cost manufacturing the added cost of using nitrogen may not made it a viable solution. You can solder without nitrogen, however, long-term your product reliability could be jeopardized.Vapour Phase reflow soldering automatically provides a 100% inert atmosphere, without adding nitrogen (and without adding additional cost), to guarantee the best possible soldering conditions, and the best possible long term reliability, for all your production every time.</p>
<p><strong>What about the problem of pop-corning ? </strong></p>
<p>As plastics are hygroscopic humidity will get into the body of these components (e.g. BGAs). When reflow soldering this can lead to high pressure of the moisture trapped inside the molded components, which is converted into steam and forced out under pressure during reflow. This can cause delaminating of the substrate or &#8216;pop-corning&#8217;. The higher the reflow temperature, needed for lead free alloys result in a greater the risk of pop-corning, therefore a maximum reflow temperature of 230ºC is desirable. As there is absolutely no danger of heating above a maximum of 230ºC Vapor Phase reflow, this provides a lower risk of pop-corning. What modifications must be done to Vapor Phase machines which are currently being used for SnPb, in order that they can be used for Lead free solders? NO modifications or additions at all are necessary. All you do is fill the machine with a fluid that has a boiling point of 230ºC (instead of 200ºC).</p>
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		<title>Automated Selective Soldering Machine &#8211; KISS 102</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1105</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1105#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 13:27:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Selective Solder Wave]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1105</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[SPECIFICATIONS: PCB Panel Size: Minimum Maximum 2” x 2” 12” x 12” (18” x 24” with manual step over) Safe “Keep Away” (distance to adjacent pads) 1mm Motion: Z-Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-40 inches/min X and Y Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-250 inches/min Solder Pot: Temperature PID proportioning (0-400°C) ± 2°C Solder Capacity 30 lbs. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>SPECIFICATIONS:<img src="http://www.ace-protech.com/photos/Products/KISS-102.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>PCB Panel Size: Minimum Maximum 2” x 2” 12” x 12” (18” x 24” with manual step over)</p>
<p>Safe “Keep Away” (distance to adjacent pads) 1mm</p>
<p>Motion: Z-Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-40 inches/min</p>
<p>X and Y Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-250 inches/min</p>
<p>Solder Pot: Temperature PID proportioning (0-400°C) ± 2°C Solder Capacity 30 lbs.</p>
<p>Pump PC controlled Controls PC with Windows XP O.S.</p>
<p>Physical Dimensions:  42&#8243; wide x 40&#8243; deep x 52&#8243; high Weight 475 lbs.</p>
<p>Facilities: Power 120VAC/1 Ph/60 Hz 15 amps Nitrogen 15-50 CFH @ 60-70 PSI Exhaust 350 CFM recommended</p>
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		<title>Automated Selective Soldering Machine &#8211; KISS 103</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1102</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1102#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 13:26:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Selective Solder Wave]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1102</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[PCB Panel Size Minimum Maximum 2” x 2” 18” x 24” (18” x 42” with manual step over) Safe “Keep Away” (distance to adjacent pads) 1mm Motion Z-Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-40 inches/min X and Y Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-250 inches/min Solder Pot: Temperature PID proportioning (0-400°C) ± 2°C Solder Capacity 30 lbs. Pump [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-1103" title="KISS-103" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/KISS-103.jpg" alt="" width="191" height="157" /></p>
<p>PCB Panel Size Minimum Maximum 2” x 2” 18” x 24” (18” x 42” with manual step over)</p>
<p>Safe “Keep Away” (distance to adjacent pads) 1mm</p>
<p>Motion Z-Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-40 inches/min</p>
<p>X and Y Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-250 inches/min</p>
<p>Solder Pot: Temperature PID proportioning (0-400°C) ± 2°C Solder Capacity 30 lbs.</p>
<p>Pump PC controlled</p>
<p>Controls : PC with Windows XP O.S.</p>
<p>Physical Dimensions:  54&#8243; wide x 40&#8243; deep x 52&#8243; high Weight 575 lbs.</p>
<p>Facilities : Power 120VAC/1 Ph/60 Hz 15 amps Nitrogen 15-50 CFH @ 60-70 PSI</p>
<p>Exhaust 350 CFM recommended</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>CMS 350 DOTTY &amp; CMS 450.V2 DOTTY</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1057</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1057#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 08:29:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[dispensers]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1057</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The professional units for dosing of glues, solder pastes as well as low viscosity products. The dispensers CMS 350 DOTTY and CMS 450.V2 DOTTY can work autonomous or in combination with a pick &#38; place unit. The CMS 450.V2 DOTTY model can be connected to our 3 axes TECHNODRILL machine to make a automatic 3 axes [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1058 aligncenter" title="doseurs_cms350__450" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/doseurs_cms350__450-300x180.jpg" alt="" width="386" height="248" /></p>
<p>The professional units for dosing of glues, solder pastes as well as low viscosity products.<br />
The dispensers CMS 350 DOTTY and CMS 450.V2 DOTTY can work autonomous or in combination with a pick &amp; place unit.<br />
The CMS 450.V2 DOTTY model can be connected to our 3 axes TECHNODRILL machine to make a automatic 3 axes dispenser assisted by computer.<br />
<strong>DOTTY dispensers key features:</strong></p>
<p><strong>• Facility of use </strong></p>
<p><strong>• Different functioning uses</strong></p>
<p><strong>• Light</strong></p>
<p><strong>• Best quality/price ratio for performance without equal </strong></p>
<p><strong>• Compacts &amp; ergonomic</strong></p>
<p><strong>• 10 programmes (CMS 450.V2 DOTTY only)</strong></p>
<p><strong>The DOTTY dispensers can work under many different ways :</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1059  aligncenter" title="f41014_cms350" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/f41014_cms350-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="415" height="269" /></p>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.cif.fr/new/aff_img.php3?path=bdd%2Fproduits%2F2%2F10%2F49%2F63%2Ff42_014_dotty_solo.jpg"></a></strong></p>
<p>- <strong>Manual</strong>: pushing on the pedal, the product deposit will be done when the control is done. Getting of the pedal will stop the deposit</p>
<p>- <strong>Semi-automatic</strong>: pushing on the pedal, a x quantity of deposit is done once. You need to push again on the pedal to start a new deposit.</p>
<p>- <strong>Automatic</strong>: remaining on the pedal, a x quantity deposit is done every x repetitions until the pedal is getting of.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"> <img class="size-medium wp-image-1060  aligncenter" title="new_cms_450internet_1" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/new_cms_450internet_1-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="411" height="339" /></p>
<p><a href="http://www.cif.fr/new/aff_img.php3?path=bdd%2Fproduits%2F2%2F10%2F49%2F63%2Ff41020_cms_450_dotty72.jpg"></a>- <strong>Learning (for CMS 450.V2 DOTTY model only</strong>): This programm automatically defines deposit and repetition times according to work to do. You just need to make 10 manual deposits depending on the requested rate and the unit will analyse, making an average of appropriate times. Once learning mode is finished, the unit will get back to automatic mode.</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="305">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Description</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">Item Code</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">CMS 350 DOTTY Dispenser</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">F41 014</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">CMS 450.V2 DOTTY Dispenser</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">F41 020.1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The dispensers are delivered complete wit a set of needles, a set of suction cups, a 10cc syringe, a foot  pedal control.<br />
To be connected to a compressed air network or on a <a href="http://www.cif.fr/new/produits_aff.php3?cat=2&amp;scat=10&amp;sscat=49&amp;p=65">compressor</a>.</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="437">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Technical characteristics</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">CMS 350 DOTTY</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">CMS 450.V2 DOTTY</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top"><strong>Available use modes</strong></td>
<td width="120" valign="top"><strong>3</strong></td>
<td width="132" valign="top"><strong>5</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Manual</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Semi-automatic</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Automatic</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">Yes</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Learning</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">No</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Max. pressure</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">7 bars max.</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">7 bars max.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Power </td>
<td width="120" valign="top">15 W</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">14 W</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Sound level</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">&lt; 40 dB (A)</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">&lt; 40 dB (A)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Using pressure</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">0.1 to 7 bars</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">0.1 to 7 bars</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">External dim. L x l x H (mm)</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">177 x 10 x 120</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">260 x 140 x 140</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Net weight</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">1,8 Kg</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">2,0 Kg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="185" valign="top">Power supply</td>
<td width="120" valign="top">230 V- 50/60 Hz</td>
<td width="132" valign="top">230 V- 50/60 Hz</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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		<title>Reflow oven FT 05</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=130</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=130#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 07:28:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Batch reflow oven]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Table top Batch oven]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The reflow oven FT05 is a new generation professional oven. It was created to work with the new high temperature alloys, including lead free alloys in force o the 1st of July 2006. For a best precision, the heat is distributed by forced convection.The reflow oven FT05 includes in line the memorisation of 10 programmes, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The reflow oven FT05 is a new generation professional oven. It was created to work with the new high temperature alloys, including lead free alloys in force o the 1st of July 2006.<img class="alignright size-full wp-image-246" title="FT-05" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/FT-05.jpg" alt="FT-05" width="425" height="299" /></p>
<p>For a best precision, the heat is distributed by forced convection.The reflow oven FT05 includes in line the memorisation of 10 programmes, the advice visualisation by LCD display and 5 connections in front face: 3 for flexible thermocouples, 1 for printer and 1 for computer. The FT05 oven is compatible with the software SMTix® (as an option). In « Test » mode: this software parameters the oven to test profiles on boards, to view the curve tracing, to valid the tests and to store in one of the 10 memories of the oven or computer. In « Manufacturing » mode: piloting of the oven from validate and memorised tests. View of the oven probe and curve tracing.</p>
<p><strong>FT05 Key features:</strong><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">• </span></span>Complete view of the card through a large window<br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span> Compact model but offering a reflow working area of 350 x 400 mm<br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span> Display on LCD screen of the different advice<br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span> Memorisation of 10 programmes in line<br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span> Compatible for high temperature alloys, above all lead free<br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span> Heat through forced convection.<br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span> Temperature control by microprocessor.<br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span> Compatible with SMTix® software<br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span> Very easy programmation for a simple use</p>
<p class="MsoHeader" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 35.4pt;"><strong><em>Safety: double window with air circulation, locking of the access door, extraction pipe for solder fumes, filtration unit for solder fumes as an option.</em><br />
</strong></p>
<p><span id="more-130"></span></p>
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		<item>
		<title>2000 HC-HT Conveyor Reflow Oven</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1041</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1041#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Dec 2009 14:50:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Reflow ovens]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1041</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Higher throughput reflow oven with 20&#8243; (508mm) wide conveyor for production runs.  The 2000HC/HT reflow oven utilizes our patented Horizontal Convection Heating technology for extremely uniform temperature profiling across the board for enhanced process control.  The unit is available with maximum heating temperature of 250°C (482°F) for lead solder or 400°C (752°F) for lead-free solder [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Higher throughput reflow oven with 20&#8243; (508mm) wide conveyor for production runs.  The 2000HC/HT reflow oven utilizes our patented Horizontal Convection Heating technology for extremely uniform temperature profiling across the board for enhanced process control.  The unit is available with maximum heating temperature of 250°C (482°F) for lead solder or 400°C (752°F) for lead-free solder operation.<img src="http://www.apsgold.com/userfiles/image/2000HT.gif" border="0" alt="APS Novastar Model 2000HC/HT Convection Reflow Oven" hspace="5" vspace="5" align="right" /></p>
<ul>
<li>6 vertical heating zones plus cooling zone.</li>
<li>Low mass 20&#8243; (508mm) wide stainless steel conveyor</li>
<li>Status light tower included</li>
<li>Easy lift clamshell hood design with gas strut assist</li>
<li>Edge rail conveyor option available</li>
<li>Real time graphic temperature profiler to assist in profiling of board</li>
<li>PC interface software optionally available</li>
<li>Nitrogen gas inerting option available</li>
<li>Reflow oven available in Lead (HC version) and Lead-free (HT version) capable</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Max board width:</td>
<td>20” (508mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Max board height:</td>
<td>1.375” (35mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heating zones:</td>
<td>6 Top, 6 Bottom</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Max temperature:</td>
<td>HC: 250°C (482°F), HT: 400°C (752°F)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heat tunnel length:</td>
<td>72&#8243; (1829mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CyclonicsTM (forced air):</td>
<td>Twelve (12)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Conveyor extensions:</td>
<td>Option</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cooling station(s) :</td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Venting:</td>
<td>Three 4” (102mm) dia. Flanges, 200 CFM (340m3/h) each</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cooling Zone Venting:</td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nitrogen option:</td>
<td>Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PC Interface:</td>
<td>Included</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Overall dimensions (L x W x H):</td>
<td>122&#8243; x 46&#8243; x 50&#8243; (3099mm x 1168mm x 1270mm</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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		<item>
		<title>MPP-11 Pick and Place System</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1013</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1013#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Dec 2009 14:01:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Pick & Place manual]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1013</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Component placement is accomplished by the operator manually moving the pick &#38; place head over the component, picking up the component with vacuum pick up tool, moving to the component placement postion, aligning the component and placing the component on the board Includes both the pick &#38; place and 4 mode dispenser functions Equipped with [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Component placement is accomplished by the operator manually moving the pick &amp; place head over the component, picking up the component with vacuum pick up tool, moving to the component placement postion, aligning the component and placing the component on the board<img src="http://www.apsgold.com/userfiles/image/MPP-11_gif.gif" border=0 alt="APS Novastar MPP-11 Manual Pick and Place Machine" align="right" /></a></p>
<ul>
<li>Includes both the pick &amp; place and 4 mode dispenser<br />
functions</li>
<li>Equipped with 40 movable ESD safe component bins (32 &#8211; 1&#8243; x 1&#8243; and 8 &#8211; 2&#8243; x 2&#8243;, reconfigurable) which slide in close to placement area</li>
<li>Movable padded hand rest</li>
<li>A left/right handed pick &amp; place head</li>
<li>Tape feeders can be optionally added</li>
<li>Economical manual benchtop pick &amp; place system</li>
</ul>
<p><a id="cartLink" onclick="pageTracker._trackEvent('CART', 'Load');" href="http://www.apsgold.com/pick-and-place/manual-systems/mpp-11-pick-and-place-system#prodCart"></a></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Max board size:</td>
<td>14” x 14” (356mm x 356mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Smallest component capability:</td>
<td>0402 component</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Largest component size:</td>
<td>1.378” (35mm) square body</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Max placement rate:</td>
<td>400 components per hour</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Overall dimensions:</td>
<td>27.5” x 30” x 9” (700mm x 762mm x 230mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dispenser Option:</td>
<td>4-Mode programmable dispenser</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Annual Duty Cycle:</td>
<td>TBD</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Digital 10&#8243; LCD Mircroscope</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1008</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=1008#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Dec 2009 13:59:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[inspection]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=1008</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ LCD Monitor Specifications We offer a full line-up of DIGITAL LCD MICROSCOPES for every area of microscopy. Please check our other listings and our web site for more information on these very innovative and inexpensive digital microscopes. All feature real-time preview on our high resolution 8&#8243; + 10&#8243; TFT/LCD monitor and include &#8220;all-in-one&#8221; image capture, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Arial;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Arial;">LCD Monitor Specifications</span></strong></p>
<p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1020" title="DSC_0015 (Medium)" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/DSC_0015-Medium-300x223.jpg" alt="" width="446" height="363" /></p>
<p>We offer a full line-up of DIGITAL LCD MICROSCOPES for every area of microscopy. Please check our other listings and our web site for more information on these very innovative and inexpensive digital microscopes. All feature real-time preview on our high resolution 8&#8243; + 10&#8243; TFT/LCD monitor and include &#8220;all-in-one&#8221; image capture, video with 5 MP capture + superb color rendition.</p>
<p>This is a very innovative microscope that has revolutionized the traditional methods of microscopic observation &#8211; documentation by incorporating the main elements of the compound microscope, video camera + monitor all in one self contained package. Finally you can be rid of all of the separate component modules, cables, cords &amp; connectors that would otherwise occupy your valuable countertop space. s-video-out for connection to the PC and screen.</p>
<table id="table269" style="height: 70px;" border="2" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="51%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Viewable: 8” or 10.4&#8243;</span></td>
<td width="46%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Viewing Angle: about 150°</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="51%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Native resolution: 800 × 600 for 8 inch monitor<br />
1024 x 768 for 10.4 inch monitor</span></td>
<td width="46%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Response Time:≤25ms</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="51%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dot pitch: 0.297mm </span></td>
<td width="46%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Brightness: 250cd/</span><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">m<sup>2 </sup></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">for 8 inch monitor<br />
Brightness: 300cd/</span><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">m<sup>2 </sup></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">for 10 inch monitor</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="51%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Contrast: 300:1 for 8 inch monitor<br />
Contrast: 350:1 for 10 inch monitor</span></td>
<td width="46%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Video Output: BNC (PAL / NTSC)</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr style="background-color: #0000ff;" />
<table id="table270" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Arial;"> Optic Specifications</span></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table id="table271" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<table id="table272" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<table id="table273" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0" width="105%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="84%">
<table id="table274" border="2" cellspacing="1" width="99%" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="97%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Total magnification: 3.3X~147X </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="97%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Zoom body: 0.7~4.5X, with detents</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="97%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Zoom ratio: 1:6.5</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="97%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Optional objective lens: 0.3X, 0.5X, 0.75X, 1X, 1.5X, 2X </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="97%" height="22" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">3D attachment: 35° for 0.75X objective lens</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<hr style="background-color: #0000ff;" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: Arial;"> Accessories</span></strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table id="table275" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="100%">
<table id="table276" border="2" cellspacing="1" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="7%" align="left" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Optional illuminator is available</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="7%" height="19" align="left" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Laser pointer: DC 5V </span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="7%" align="left" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Body size: 76mm, suitable for all microscope stands, boom stands and flexible arm stands.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="7%" align="left" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Power supply: 85-265V, 50/60Hz</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Automated Selective Soldering Machine &#8211; KISS 104</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=999</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=999#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Dec 2009 14:34:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Other equipment]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=999</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[  SPECIFICATIONS: Automated Selective Soldering Machine &#8211; KISS 104  PCB Panel Size Minimum Maximum 2” x 2” 18” x 24” (18” x 42” with manual step over) Safe “Keep Away” (distance to adjacent pads) 1mm Motion: Z-Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-40 inches/minX and Y Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-250 inches/min Solder Pot Temperature PID proportioning [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> <img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1136" title="new104edit klein" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/new104edit-klein-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="225" /></p>
<p><strong>SPECIFICATIONS: Automated Selective Soldering Machine &#8211; KISS 104</strong> </p>
<p>PCB Panel Size Minimum Maximum 2” x 2” 18” x 24” (18” x 42” with manual step over)</p>
<p>Safe “Keep Away” (distance to adjacent pads) 1mm</p>
<p>Motion: Z-Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-40 inches/minX and Y Axis Accuracy/Repeatability +/-.002&#8243; Speed 0-250 inches/min</p>
<p>Solder Pot</p>
<p>Temperature PID proportioning (0-400°C) ± 2°C Solder Capacity 30 lbs. Pump PC controlled</p>
<p>Controls PC with Windows XP O.S. Physical</p>
<p>Dimensions 54&#8243; wide x 40&#8243; deep x 52&#8243; high Weight 625 lbs. Facilities Power 120VAC/1 Ph/60 Hz 15 amps Nitrogen 15-50 CFH @ 60-70 PSI Exhaust 350 CFM recommended PCB Panel Size</p>
<p>Minimum Maximum 2” x 2” 18” x 24” (18” x 42” with manual step over)</p>
<p>Safe “Keep Away” (distance to adjacent pads) 1mm</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>Vapor Phase Mini &amp; Labor models</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=962</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=962#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Dec 2009 13:04:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Batch reflow oven]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vapor Phase]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=962</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Fix Trade Presents the first Vapor Phase laboratorial models. Al kinds of medium can be used which are capable to vaporize till 260 °C. FIX TRADE Vapor Phase   Laboratory Models   Production 2010         Small Mid size Top Quality Type FT 20 Type FT 30 Product     power 230V 230V [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Fix Trade Presents the first <strong>Vapor Phase</strong> laboratorial models. Al kinds of medium can be used which are capable to vaporize till 260 °C.</p>
<p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-963" title="DSCF1696 (Medium)" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/DSCF1696-Medium-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="225" /></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="590">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>FIX TRADE</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom"><strong>Vapor Phase</strong></td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom">Laboratory Models</td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom"> </td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">Production 2010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"> </td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"> </td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom"><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom"><strong>Mid size</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Top Quality</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom"><strong>Type FT 20</strong></td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom"><strong>Type FT 30</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Product</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom"> </td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>power</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">230V</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">230V</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>power consumption</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">2350VA</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">2350VA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Cooling</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">Watercooling</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">Watercooling</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Water inlet</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">4,5 Bar</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">4,5 Bar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Water outlet</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">4,5 Bar</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">4,5 Bar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Vaccuum</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">connection</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">connection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Dimensions</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">18 x 18 cm</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">30 x 30 cm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Overall dimensions</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">30 x 30 x 30 </td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">40 x 45 x 35</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Weight</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">23KG</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">35KG</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Inside capacity</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">80 CL</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">2,7L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Fluit agent cap.</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">1 liter</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">1,5 Liter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Max temperature</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">260 ⁰C</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">260 ⁰C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Max outside temp</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">45 ⁰C</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">45 ⁰C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Emerceny stop</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">yes</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Power regonizing</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">LED</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">LED</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="147" valign="bottom"><strong>Inside light</strong></td>
<td width="288" valign="bottom">LED white</td>
<td width="155" valign="bottom">LED White</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>More information regarding techniques as tumbstones read <a href="http://www.condensation.nl/index_bestanden/page0013.html">http://www.condensation.nl/index_bestanden/page0013.html</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Services</title>
		<link>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=816</link>
		<comments>http://www.fixtrade.nl/?p=816#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Nov 2009 08:16:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[services]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://v2.fixtrade.nl/?p=816</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Beside installation training and service Fix Trade has the experience to upgrade and refurbish all kinds of machines. - Installation and training on new equipment - Upgrading (change displays, computers, PLC etc.) - Used machines upgrading / cleaning / functional]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">Beside installation training and service Fix Trade has the experience to upgrade and refurbish all kinds of machines</span>.</strong></p>
<p>- Installation and training on new equipment<br />
- Upgrading (change displays, computers, PLC etc.)<br />
- Used machines upgrading / cleaning / functional</p>
<p><img class="alignright" title="service" src="http://v2.fixtrade.nl/wp-content/uploads/jipenjanneke1.JPG" alt="service" width="278" height="422" /></p>
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